Con il suo ensemble, The Broadside Band, Jeremy Barlow ha lavorato a lungo e proficuamente sulle musiche utilizzate da Johann Christoph Pepusch nell’Opera del mendicante (The Beggar’s Opera, 1728) di John Gay: la quale è l’unica ballad opera di cui si parli ancora ai nostri giorni, grazie anche al rifacimento brechtiano del 1928, Die Dreigroschenoper, che adotta però musiche originali composte da Kurt Weill. Per l’Opera del mendicante invece, com’è noto, Pepusch adattò i testi di Gay a melodie che all’epoca avevano una certa notorietà, prendendole a prestito da broadside ballads, arie d’opera, inni religiosi e canti di tradizione popolare.
Oltre a produrre un’edizione completa del lavoro di Gay e Pepusch, Barlow e la sua band hanno inciso (per Harmonia Mundi, 1982) anche un’antologia degli airs più famosi (in tutto nove brani), di ciascuno dei quali proponendo non solo la versione dell’Opera del mendicante ma anche la composizione originale e eventuali altre sue trasformazioni, varianti e parodie.
L’ultima sezione dell’antologia, che qui sottopongo alla vostra attenzione, è dedicato a Greensleeves. Comprende, nell’ordine:
una improvvisazione sul passamezzo antico, eseguita al liuto da George Weigand
Greensleeves, la più antica versione nota della melodia (dal William Ballet’s Lute Book, c1590-1603) con la più antica versione nota del testo (da A Handful of Pleasant Delights, 1584), cantata da Paul Elliott accompagnato al liuto da Weigand [1:13]
Alas, my love, you do me wrong,
To cast me off discourteously.
And I have loved you so long,
Delighting in your company.
Greensleeves was all my joy,
Greensleeves was my delight,
Greensleeves was my heart of gold,
And who but my Lady Greensleeves.
I have been ready at your hand,
To grant whatever you wouldst crave,
I have both waged life and land,
Your love and goodwill for to have.
Well I will pray to God on high
That thou my constancy mayst see,
And that yet once before I die,
Thou wilt vouchsafe to love me.
Greensleeves, now farewell, adieu,
God I pray to prosper thee,
For I am still thy lover true,
Come once again and love me.
Greensleeves, la versione più diffusa all’inizio del Seicento, secondo William Cobbold (1560 - 1639) e altri autori, con improvvisazioni eseguite da Weigand alla chitarra barocca e da Rosemary Thorndycraft al bass viol [4:07]
la versione dell’Opera del mendicanteche già conosciamo, interpretata ancora da Elliott a solo [5:27]
un misto di tre jigs irlandesi eseguito da Barlow al flauto e da Alastair McLachlan al violino [6:03]:
– A Basket of Oysters (da Moore’s Irish Melodies, 1834)
– A Basket of Oysters or Paddythe Weaver (Aird’s selection, 1788)
– Greensleeves (versione raccolta a Limerick nel 1852)
With his ensemble, The Broadside Band, Jeremy Barlow worked extensively and profitably on the music used by Johann Christoph Pepusch in John Gay’s The Beggar’s Opera (1728): it is the only ballad opera still being talked about in our days, thanks also to Bertolt Brecht’s 1928 remake, Die Dreigroschenoper, which however has original music composed by Kurt Weill. It is not the same for The Beggar’s Opera: Gay’s lyrics were in fact adapted by Pepusch to melodies that at the time already had a certain notoriety, borrowing them from broadside ballads, opera arias, religious hymns and folk songs.
Barlow and his band have recorded a complete edition of Gay and Pepusch’s work, as well as an anthology of its most famous airs (nine pieces in all), of each of which they presented not only The Beggar’s Opera version, but also the original composition and some of its variants and parodies.
The last track of the anthology, the one I submit to your attention here, is dedicated to Greensleeves. It includes, in order:
Greensleeves, earliest version of melody (from William Ballet’s Lute Book, c1590-1603) with earliest surviving words (A Handful of Pleasant Delights, 1584), sung by Paul Elliott accompanied on lute by Weigand [1:13]
Alas, my love, you do me wrong,
To cast me off discourteously.
And I have loved you so long,
Delighting in your company.
Greensleeves was all my joy,
Greensleeves was my delight,
Greensleeves was my heart of gold,
And who but my Lady Greensleeves.
I have been ready at your hand,
To grant whatever you wouldst crave,
I have both waged life and land,
Your love and goodwill for to have.
Well I will pray to God on high
That thou my constancy mayst see,
And that yet once before I die,
Thou wilt vouchsafe to love me.
Greensleeves, now farewell, adieu,
God I pray to prosper thee,
For I am still thy lover true,
Come once again and love me.
Greensleeves, the most widespread version at the beginning of the seventeenth century, according to William Cobbold (1560 - 1639) and other authors, with improvisations performed by Weigand on baroque guitar and by Rosemary Thorndycraft on bass viol [4:07]
The Beggar’s Opera version (we already know it) sung by Elliott a solo [5:27]
a medley of three Irish jigs performed by Barlow on flute and Alastair McLachlan on violin [6:03]:
– A Basket of Oysters (da Moore’s Irish Melodies, 1834)
– A Basket of Oysters or Paddythe Weaver (Aird’s selection, 1788)
– Greensleeves (collected Limerick 1852).
Diego Ortiz (c1510 - c1570): Recercada quinta sobre el passamezzo antiguo: Zarabanda, dal Tratado de glosas (trattato sulle variazioni, 1553). Hespèrion XXI, dir. e viola da gamba Jordi Savall.
Diego Ortiz: Recercada VII sobre la romanesca. Stessi interpreti.
Forse, ascoltando queste recercadas vi sarà venuta in mente Greensleeves: una ragione c’è, ora vedremo di che si tratta.
Passamezzo e romanesca sono danze in voga nel Cinquecento e nei primi anni del secolo successivo. Il passamezzo, di origine italiana, ha andamento lievemente mosso e ritmo binario; sotto il profilo coreutico è molto affine alla pavana, tanto che non di rado, all’epoca, viene con questa identificato: nell’Orchésographie (1588), Thoinot Arbeau scrive che il passamezzo è «une pavane moins pesamment et d’une mesure plus légière». La musica del passamezzo si fonda sopra uno schema armonico caratteristico, non molto dissimile da quello della follia; i musicisti europei tardorinascimentali se ne innamorano e l’impiegano quale base di serie di variazioni e di composizioni vocali: fra gli esempi più celebri vi sono The Oak and the Ash e, appunto, Greensleeves.
Intorno alla metà del Cinquecento, lo schema armonico del passamezzo dà origine a una variante destinata a avere altrettanta fortuna: viene chiamata passamezzo moderno per distinguerla dall’altra, detta conseguentemente passamezzo antico. Nella seconda parte del secolo, a fianco di passamezzo antico e passamezzo moderno entrano nell’uso altre formule armoniche stilizzate, come per esempio quella detta romanesca, dal nome di una danza affine alla gagliarda, di origine forse italiana o forse spagnola. Lo schema della romanesca è quasi identico a quello del passamezzo antico, da cui differisce solo per l’accordo iniziale.
La più antica versione nota di Greensleeves, che risale agli anni ’80 del XVI secolo, si fonda sul passamezzo antico, ma nel volgere di breve tempo viene soppiantata da una variante che adotta il basso della romanesca. Quasi certamente è quest’ultima la versione conosciuta da Shakespeare, il quale per due volte fa riferimento alla «melodia di Greensleeves» nella commedia Le allegre comari di Windsor (ce ne occuperemo presto). La versione originale, identificata nell’Ottocento dal musicografo inglese William Chappell (cui si deve la raccolta Popular Music of the Olden Time, 1855-59), è oggi la più nota e diffusa.
Listening to these recercadas, perhaps Greensleeves will have come to your mind: there’s a reason, now we’ll see what it’s about.
Passamezzo and romanesca were popular dances in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries. The passamezzo has Italian origins, slightly fast movement and binary rhythm; the dance is very similar to the pavana, so that in 16th century it was often identified with it: in his treatise Orchésographie (1588) Thoinot Arbeau asserts that the passamezzo is «une pavane moins pesamment et d’une mesure plus légière». The music of the passamezzo is based on a characteristic harmonic pattern, similar to that of the follia; late Renaissance European musicians fell in love with it and used it as a ground for sets of variations and for singing poetry: among the most famous examples are The Oak and the Ash and, precisely, Greensleeves.
Around the middle of the sixteenth century, the harmonic formula of the passamezzo gave rise to a variant that was equally successful: it was called passamezzo moderno to distinguish it from the other, consequently called passamezzo antico. During the second half of the century, alongside the passamezzo antico and moderno, other stylized harmonic formulas came into use, such as for example the romanesca, which took its name from a dance similar to the gagliarda, of Italian or perhaps Spanish origin. The pattern of the romanesca is almost identical to that of the passamezzo antico, from which it differs only in the first chord.
The earliest known version of Greensleeves, dating from about 1580, is based on the passamezzo antico ground, but was soon superseded by a variant adopting the harmonic formula of the romanesca. The latter is almost certainly the version known from Shakespeare, who refers twice to «the tune of Greensleeves» in the play The Merry Wives of Windsor (which we will deal with soon). The original version, identified in the 19th century by the English musicographer William Chappell (who published the collection Popular Music of the Olden Time, 1855-59), is today the best known and most widespread.
The Beggar’s Opera, Air XXVII: Greensleeves. Roger Daltrey as Macheath.
Since Laws were made for ev’ry Degree,
To curb Vice in others, as well as me,
I wonder we han’t better Company,
Upon Tyburn Tree!
But Gold from Law can take out the Sting;
And if rich Men like us were to swing,
’Twould thin out the Land, such Numbers to string
Upon Tyburn Tree!
Nell’Opera del mendicante (The Beggar’s Opera, 1728), scritta da John Gay, con musiche tratte perlopiù dal repertorio popolare e adattate da Johann Christoph Pepusch, trova posto anche la melodia di Greensleeves. Il brano è intonato con rabbia e frustrazione da Macheath subito dopo aver appreso di essere stato condannato a morte. Per «Tyburn Tree» si intende la forca: Tyburn era il villaggio del Middlesex in cui si eseguivano le sentenze capitali.
In The Beggar’s Opera (1728), written by John Gay, with music drawn mostly from traditional repertoire and arranged by Johann Christoph Pepusch, the tune of Greensleeves also finds its place. This piece is sung in anger and frustration by Macheath soon after learning that he was sentenced to death. «Tyburn Tree» means the gallows: Tyburn was the Middlesex village where capital punishment was carried out.
Oggi parliamo di un brano tradizionale le cui origini risalgono al XVII secolo, se non a un’epoca precedente, famosissimo tanto nelle isole britanniche quanto nel Nordamerica. Come sempre succede alle melodie molto celebri, anche a questa sono stati adattati più testi diversi; è stata inoltre rielaborata in composizioni destinate a accompagnare danze popolari.
1. Tom, Tom, the Piper’s Son
Canzoncina infantile tradizionale; il testo cita il titolo Over the hills and far away, segno che una melodia così chiamata sicuramente preesisteva a questa canzone. Qui è interpretata da Vivien Ellis, Tim Laycock e The Broadside Band:
Tom, he was a piper’s son,
He learnt to play when he was young,
And all the tune that he could play
Was Over the hills and far away.
Over the hills and a great way off,
The wind shall blow my top-knot off.
Tom with his pipe made such a noise,
That he pleased both the girls and boys,
They all stopped to hear him play Over the hills and far away.
[Tom with his pipe did play with such skill
That those who heard him could never keep still;
As soon as he played they began for to dance,
Even the pigs on their hind legs would after him prance.]
As Dolly was milking her cow one day,
Tom took his pipe and began to play;
So Dolly and the cow danced The Cheshire Round
Till the pail was broken and the milk ran on the ground [down].
He met old Dame Trot with a basket of eggs,
He used his pipe and she used her legs;
She danced about till the eggs were all broke,
She began for to fret, but he laughed at the joke.
Tom saw a cross fellow was beating an ass,
Heavy laden with pots, pans, dishes, and glass;
He took out his pipe and he played them a tune,
And the poor donkey’s load was lightened full soon.
Over the hills and a great way off,
The wind shall blow my top-knot off.
2. The distracted Jockey’s Lamentations
Da Wit and Mirth: Or Pills to Purge Melancholy (1698-1720) di Thomas D’Urfey; il testo doveva forse essere inserito nella commedia di D’Urfey The Campaigners (1698). Ascoltiamolo nell’interpretazione dei City Waites diretti da Lucie Skeaping:
Questo è il testo pubblicato nel V volume (1619) della silloge di D’Urfey:
Jocky met with Jenny fair
Aft by the dawning of the day;
But Jockey now is fu’ of care
Since Jenny staw his heart away.
Altho’ she promis’d to be true
She proven has, alake! unkind
Which gars poor Jockey aften rue
That e’er he loo’d a fickle mind.
‘Tis o’er the hills and far away
‘Tis o’er the hills and far away
‘Tis o’er the hills and far away
The wind has blown my Plad (sic) away.
Jockey was a bonny lad
And e’er was born in Scotland fair;
But now poor Jockey is run mad,
For Jenny causes his despair;
Jockey was a Piper’s son
And fell in love when he was young
But all the springs that he could play
Was, O’er the Hills, and far away.
He sung,”When first my Jenny’s face
I saw, she seem’d sae fu’ of grace
With meikle joy my heart was fill’d
That’s now, alas! with sorrow kill’d.
Oh! was she but as true as fair
‘Twad put an end to my despair.
Instead of that she is unkind
And wavers like the winter wind.
Ah! could she find the dismal wae
That for her sake I undergae
She couldna chuse but grant relief
And put an end to a’ my grief;
But, oh! she is as fause as fair
Which causes a’ my sighs and care;
And she triumphs in proud disdain
And takes a pleasure in my pain.
Hard was my hap, to fa’ in love
With ane that does so faithless prove!
Hard was my fate, to court a maid
That has my constant heart betray’d!
A thousand times to me she sware
She wad be true for evermair;
But, to my grief, alake! I say
She staw my heart and ran away.
Since that she will nae pity take
I maun gae wander for her sake
And, in ilk wood and gloomy grove
I’ll, sighing, sing,” Adieu to love.
Since she is fause whom I adore
I’ll never trust a woman more;
Frae a’ their charms I’ll flee away
And on my pipes I’ll sweetly play.”
O’er hills and dales and far away
O’er hills and dales and far away
O’er hills and dales and far away
The wind has blown my plad away.
3. Hark! now the drums beat up again
Canto di reclutamento risalente agli anni della guerra di successione spagnola (1701-14); il testo si trova, con qualche variante, nella commedia di George Farquhar The Recruiting Officer (1706).
Hark! now the drums beat up again
For all true soldier gentlemen,
Then let us list and march, I say,
Over the Hills and far away.
Over the hills and o’er the main
To Flanders, Portugal and Spain,
Queen Anne commands and we’ll obey,
Over the hills and far away.
All gentlemen that have a mind,
To serve the queen that’s good and kind,
Come list and enter into pay,
Then over the hills and far away.
No more from sound of drum retreat,
While Marlborough and Galway beat
The French and Spaniards every day,
When over the hills and far away.
Testo e musica sono stati rielaborati da John Tams per la serie televisiva Sharpe, protagonista Sean Bean, ambientata all’epoca delle guerre napoleoniche; in ogni episodio è cantata una strofe differente. Potete ascoltare la versione di Tams qui.
4. Were I Laid on Greenland’s Coast
Testo di John Gay per The Beggar’s Opera (Air XVI, cantato da Macheath e Polly) con musica adattata da Johann Christoph Pepusch (1728).
Tratto da un cd dedicato ai più celebri airs della Beggar’s Opera da The Broadside Band (dir. Jeremy Barlow), questo clip comprende:
la melodia di Over the hills and far away eseguita da un violino solista
l’Air XVI interpretato da Paul Elliott (tenore) e Patrizia Kwella (soprano) [0:37]
Over the hills and far away, versione tratta da un manoscritto americano del 1780 circa contenente melodie di country dances [1:35]
The wind has blown my plaid away, una versione per flauto tratta dal Drexel Manuscript (1ª metà del XVIII secolo) conservato nella New York Public Library [2:26]
Macheath:
Were I laid on Greenland’s Coast,
And in my Arms embrac’d my Lass;
Warm amidst eternal Frost,
Too soon the Half Year’s Night would pass.
Polly:
Were I sold on Indian Soil,
Soon as the burning Day was clos’d,
I could mock the sultry Toil
When on my Charmer’s Breast repos’d.
Macheath:
And I would love you all the Day,
Polly:
Every Night would kiss and play,
Macheath:
If with me you’d fondly stray
Polly:
Over the Hills and far away.
Vediamo ancora un interessante documento: l’Air XVI della Beggar’s Opera interpretato da Laurence Olivier e Dorothy Tutin nella versione cinematografica del lavoro di Gay, diretta da Peter Brook nel 1953.
Anonimo (sec. XVII): Cold and raw ovvero The Maid who Sold her Barley o anche The Farmer’s Daughter, ballad di probabile origine scozzese. The Baltimore Consort.
Cold and raw the North did blow, bleak in a morning early;
All the trees were hid with snow, cover’d with winter fearly.
As I came riding o’er the slough, I met with a farmer’s daughter,
Rosie cheeks, and bonny brow, geud faith, made my mouth to water.
Down I vail’d my bonnet low, meaning to show my breeding,
She return’d a graceful bow, her visage far exceeding:
I ask’d her where she went so soon, and long’d to begin a parley:
She told me to the next market town, a purpose to sell her barley.
«In this purse, sweet soul!» said I, «twenty pound lies fairly,
Seek no farther one to buy, for I’se take all thy barley:
Twenty more shall purchase delight, thy person I love so dearly,
If thou wilt lig by me all night, and gang home in the morning early.»
«If forty pound would buy the globe, this thing I’s not do, sir;
Or were my friends as poor as Job, I’d never raise’em so, sir:
For shou’d you prove to-night my friend, we’se get a young kid together,
And you’d be gone e’r nine months end, & where shall I find the father?»
«Pray what would my parents say, if I should be so silly,
To give my maidenhead away, and lose my true love, Billy!
Oh this would bring me to disgrace, and therefore I say you nay, sir;
And if that you would me embrace, first marry, & then you may, sir!»
I told her I had wedded been, fourteen years and longer,
Else I’d chuse her for my queen, and tye the knot yet stronger.
She bid me then no farther roame, but manage my wedlock fairly,
And keep my purse for poor spouse at home, for some other should have her barley.
Then as swift as any roe, she rode away and left me;
After her I could not go, of joy she quite bereft me:
Thus I my self did disappoint, for she did leave me fairly,
My words knock’d all things out of joint, I lost both the maid and the barley.
Il testo è compreso nella monumentale silloge Wit and Mirth, or Pills to Purge Melancholy curata da Thomas D’Urfey, la cui 1a edizione risale al 1698; nel corso degli anni è stato associato a musiche diverse: la versione del Baltimore Consort adotta la melodia di Stingo, or The Oyle of Barley, un jig (danza) tratta dalla raccolta The English dancing master (16511, n. 10) di John Playford; stingo e oil of barley sono due modi di dire popolari con i quali all’epoca si indicava una birra forte a gradazione elevata. Ecco Stingo nell’interpretazione dei Musicians of Swanne Alley:
La melodia doveva essere assai popolare nel primo Settecento, tant’è vero che Pepusch la utilizzò per rivestire di musica l’aria «If any Wench Venus’s Girdle wear», cantata da Mrs Peachum nella 4a scena del I atto della Beggar’s Opera di John Gay (rappresentata per la 1a volta nel 1728). Qui è eseguita dall’ensemble The Broadside Band diretto da Jeremy Barlow, con Patrizia Kwella voce solista:
If any Wench Venus’s Girdle wear,
Though she be never so ugly;
Lilies and Roses will quickly appear,
And her Face look wond’rous smugly.
Beneath the left Ear so fit but a Cord,
(A Rope so charming a Zone is!)
The Youth in his Cart hath the Air of a Lord,
And we cry, There dies an Adonis!
All’aria di Mrs Peachum la Broadside Band fa seguire [a 1:17] una breve serie di variazioni per violino e basso continuo sulla medesima melodia, pubblicate con il titolo Up in the Morning Early dal compositore e violinista scozzese William McGibbon (1690 - 1756).
Forse, ascoltando queste recercadas vi sarà venuta in mente Greensleeves: una ragione c’è, ora vedremo di che si tratta. 
Listening to these recercadas, perhaps Greensleeves will have come to your mind: there’s a reason, now we’ll see what it’s about. 
la regina gioiosa 